Dr Kamal Kar
Chairperson, Community-Led Total Sanitation Foundation

Honorary Associate, Resource Politics Cluster, IDS

Dr. Kamal Kar. Photo Credits: Amit Sengupta / CLTS Foundation Global

Would the idea of achieving an open defecation free (ODF) world by 2030 be like chasing the wildest dream in view of the grim global sanitation situation and the great sanitation crisis of South Asia region? It is crucial to position the countries of the region against the present SDG 6.2 with a focus on health outcomes.

Dr Kamal Kar will raise some of these vital questions in this talk:

• Are the country governments of South and South East Asia prepared to launch a local community driven campaign using their own resources?
• What is the role of the government policy in enhancing the total sanitation access? How have the lessons from the past and of MDGs been incorporated in the government policies in adjusting their ODF national targets and roadmaps?
• How are the countries going to tackle sanitation challenges in the context of large scale migration due to natural disasters, humanitarian conflicts and unplanned urbanization?

The talk will provide insights into how national and regional policies can use sanitation as an entry point and create an enabling environment for holistic development.

Where: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK

When: Monday 18^th December. 13.00 – 14.30 hours

Convening Space

Everyone is welcome to attend!

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CLTS Foundation Global recently held a capacity building workshop at the 40th WEDC International Conference, UK on the CLTS Rapid Appraisal Protocol (CRAP) – a tool developed jointly by CLTS Foundation Global and the UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office over the last two years.

As part of the team that developed the tool and administered the same in different countries to field test its applicability, I was delighted to lead this workshop with other colleagues at this conference. CRAP is a tool that can be effectively applied in country contexts to assess the overall status of CLTS programming in the respective country. The tool application involves stakeholder consultations at different administrative and governance levels – national, regional and local – as an essential step towards understanding if the national policy and programming aspects of CLTS implementation in a country are sufficiently aligned at the policy and programme intervention levels at regional and local levels to produce results on the ground. This also helps in identifying critical building blocks of the programme in terms of strengths and gaps which can be used to design a way forward to expand the coverage, scale and effectiveness of the programme.

The workshop witnessed participation from government officials, sanitation experts, M&E specialists, NGO practitioners, researchers and academics across policy and programmatic functions from different countries. An active discussion and rich sharing of global sanitation experiences during the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) period from countries such as Mozambique, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Kenya, Nepal and India among others highlighted the need for the development of a tool like CRAP. CLTS emerged as a radical new approach in the year 2000 shifting sanitation policy and programmatic focus from top down toilet construction approaches to community led solutions and local collective action that was successful in achieving sustainable results in sanitation. The ability of the approach to achieve clear sanitation and hygiene outcomes within a quick timeframe with limited resources contributed to its popularity and uptake by national governments and development agencies across more than 70 countries around the developing world during the MDG period.

While CLTS pilot projects demonstrated success in terms of achieving open defecation free (ODF) communities, there were several challenges in scaling up the approach and achieving success at a district, regional and national level. It was becoming increasingly clear that the achievement of ODF and post ODF solutions at a larger scale demanded the involvement of a diverse set of actors outside of the community such as government stakeholders and ministries, even those who did not have the primary mandate to implement sanitation; and non-government organisations such as development partners, private sector, civil society, academia and media. Achieving ODF districts, regions and nations required multi layered advocacy strategies and triggering of behaviour change across different levels of institutional actors. Moreover, it was observed that there was wide variation in the implementation of CLTS not just across countries but across partner programmes in the same country and even among different country programmes of the same organisation. The development of the CRAP tool was necessitated in this context in order to set a basic minimum standard for CLTS programme implementation and ensure that critical elements are in place to scale up the programme.

The participants were involved in a simulation exercise to orient them on the steps involved in the CRAP application. The group was given a case study of a country sanitation context and each participant was given the role of a stakeholder covering both government and non-government sectors. The participants actively participated in a consultation exercise, which provided them an overall understanding of the tool application process, while giving them a hands-on experience on how to facilitate some of the tools.

Using participatory tools, the participants explored key areas of enquiry under the six key pillars which encompass the critical building blocks essential for scaling up any CLTS programme. During the consultation exercise, the first pillar – Policy, Roadmap and Directives- highlighted if there was an enabling environment and institutional support essential to implement CLTS and take it to scale in the country. Key questions were directed towards assessing if CLTS was part of national rural sanitation policy, if policy was translated into an operational roadmap and whether political buy in and leadership at all levels were in place to drive CLTS in the country at different levels of governance. The second pillar – Financial Planning and Budgeting – looked at the issue of adequate financial resources and planning processes that enable CLTS to translate from national strategies into operational plans at various levels. The pillar – CLTS Protocol or Guidelines – reviewed the quality of the national CLTS protocol in place and whether it was harmonized across partners and applied consistently across the country during triggering, verification and certification processes with due consideration for regional specificities. While the fourth pillar – Partnerships and Capacity – enquired if there were adequate number of actors in place with sufficient capacity and the convergence essential to achieve the national reach and quality needed for the CLTS program, the fifth pillar – Monitoring and Coordination – probed the existence of mechanisms to systematically capture process, outcome and impact data at various levels. It also looked at how data is coordinated and organized across various levels to provide feedback for CLTS programming and leadership. The last pillar – Post-ODF Sustainability – captured the extent of private sector involvement and sanitation marketing strategies to achieve sustainability in behaviour change and sanitation facilities.

As feedback of the tool, the participants shared that the effectiveness of the CRAP tool process lies in its potential to involve key sanitation actors as active analysts in the implementation of a country sanitation programme: to understand the health and status of CLTS, and identify key drivers to develop a roadmap for an ODF nation – this ensures that the key actors take ownership of the recommendations and action plan emerging from this exercise.

For more details on the CRAP tool, you can refer to the upcoming publication:
Kamal Kar, Sisir Pradhan, Preetha Prabhakaran, Ann Thomas, Peter Harvey (forthcoming): CLTS Rapid Appraisal Protocol (CRAP) – A tool for rapid assessment of the practice of CLTS at scale, UNICEF and CLTS Foundation Global, 2017

Acknowledgement:
The CRAP tool workshop was facilitated by Preetha Prabhakaran and Joydeep Dutta (CLTS Foundation Global) with support from Dr Andrew Cotton (WEDC University, Loughborough) and Dr Mansoor Ali ( UK WASH Network)

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What is Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) –Top Things to Know

What is Community Led Total Sanitation CLTS. Creatives by Amit Sengupta/CLTS Foundation Global

What exactly is Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)?

CLTS means Community Led Total Sanitation that mobilises communities to completely eliminate open defecation. They are facilitated to conduct their own appraisal and analysis and take their own action to become open defecation-free. CLTS aims at behavioural change and invests in community mobilisation instead of hardware, thereby shifting focus from toilet construction for individual households to creation of open defecation-free villages.

CLTS is a time-tested process that has successfully transformed policy thinking and action from toilet construction to the process of collective hygiene behaviour change in more than 65 countries throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America, giving over 40 million people an opportunity to spontaneously stop open defecation (OD) and live in an open defecation free (ODF) environment. (Source)

Watch these videos on CLTS:

What is Community-Led Total Sanitation and how does it work? – Interview with Kamal Kar – By WSSCC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEY7zaUp7BI

The BMJ – Medical innovations: Shit matters

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NSwL1TCaoY 

How exactly does the community bring about change in itself?

The goal of ODF is achieved through mobilising the community. As a result, community members use their own initiative to build latrines. CLTS does not identify standards or designs for latrines, but encourages local creativeness. This leads to greater ownership, affordability and therefore sustainability. A very important concept which is borne out in CLTS is that community members gradually climb the ‘sanitation ladder’, improving their latrines over time, according to their increased understanding of the functionality of latrines, the benefits they have experienced from using them, and the resources they are able to commit. (Source)

Importance of local empowerment is vital in Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)

Chairman of CLTS Foundation Global and Pioneer of CLTS – Kamal Kar, during a CLTS Triggering in a village in Africa. Photo: CLTS Foundation Global

Each community finds its own method. It is about local initiative. So every CLTS intervention would be unique. The villagers are brought together and asked to show the dirtiest place in the area and also spot places they use for defecation. It is a sort of walk of shame. Then they are often shown a glass of water in which a blade of grass with faeces is dipped. They are asked if they can use it. They are then told how flies do the same thing to water bodies and food consumed by the villagers and how they are continuously consuming excreta. It is a change in mindset through shock and surprise. Once that is done, they don’t wait for subsidies to start using a toilet.

What is the origin of Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) and when did it begin?

CLTS was pioneered in Bangladesh by Kamal Kar (founder chairman of CLTS Foundation Global) while he was evaluating an NGO’s traditional subsidised sanitation programme in 1999-2000. They wanted to convince the NGO to stop subsidising toilet construction, because subsidies in the past had not led to community ownership and toilet usage. Instead, they suggested that the NGO should encourage people to help themselves. The CLTS process they developed spread fast within Bangladesh among both Bangladeshi and international NGOs. At the heart of the CLTS approach is a shift away from subsidising toilet construction for individual households and towards changing the attitudes and behaviour of the whole community in order to stop OD. If whole communities choose to go ODF, then every community member benefits, since the entire environment becomes cleaner. If only a few people remain entrenched in their practice of OD, then the whole community remains at some level of risk.

Watch these videos on CLTS in Bangladesh:

Community Led Total Sanitation in Bangladesh Part 3 of 3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzEpqIRNzOw

Community Led Total Sanitation in Bangladesh Part 2 of 3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ex-7T0voXBg

Community Led Total Sanitation in Bangladesh Part 1 of 3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmghnAfBONk

Facilitating, and not instructing the community is one of the correct methodologies of CLTS

The facilitator’s job during CLTS triggering is not to convince the community to stop Open Defecation and start constructing toilets. Instead, it is to assist the community in analysing the local sanitation situation. This generally triggers a sense of disgust and embarrassment and motivates the community to stop OD. It is important that the facilitator does not preach or tell people what to do, but instead asks simple questions to draw their attention to the issues.

Throughout the process, community members are encouraged to use local terms to describe faeces rather than the polite terms, in order to break the taboos surrounding sanitation.

What is Community Led Total Sanitation CLTS

How many people are living in Open Defecation Free environment due to CLTS?

Globally, 40 million people are living in Open Defecation Free environment as a result of implementation of Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). According to Kamal Kar: “It has spread to more than 69 countries across Asia, Africa and Latin America where more than 40 million people are now living in open defecation free (ODF) environments. CLTS has also been mainstreamed in the sanitation policies of more than 25 countries in these regions.” Source

Why is the health aspect under Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) not highlighted?

Unfortunately sanitation does not come under the Ministry of Health in countries like India. Otherwise, it could have rewarded states with reduced cases of cholera and stunting.

Challenges of scaling up CLTS with quality

What is Community Led Total Sanitation CLTS

The process of rapid scaling-up has however come with its own set of challenges. The poor quality of CLTS facilitation and gaps in ODF verification and certification is reflected in the lack of ODF sustainability. In the rush to achieve the numbers, many agencies have reduced CLTS to a bunch of triggering tools, compromising the very ethos upon which CLTS is conceptualised. In other words, CLTS is an outcome-focused approach, the success of which is reflected in the long-term sustained improvement in human health, triggered through a series of local actions by an empowered community. Effective implementation of CLTS therefore demands an in-depth understanding of the socio-political and behavioural processes involved in triggering and sustaining collective behaviour change which results in an improved health outcome for all, which is often missing in most CLTS implementation programmes.

Read: Kamal Kar: Can Uttar Pradesh unleash the untapped potential of CLTS in India? 

Read: Kamal Kar: The struggle to overcome sanitation subsidy monster in India

Not just in rural, CLTS is also rolled out in urban and peri-urban areas

Escalating challenges of urban sanitation call for urgent strategic action. The CLTS experience in urban and peri-urban towns and municipalities in Asia (Kalyani Municipality in West Bengal, India and Gularia Municipality in Nepal) and Africa, though limited, have taught us that it is important for elected people’s representatives managing the municipalities and city corporations to deeply understand the realities of poor migrants and slum dwellers, and to involve them in collective decision-making processes for improved basic facilities through pro-poor governance. This calls for strong political will and positive institutional attitudes towards people who are otherwise seen as illegal or unauthorised inhabitants of a city. Unlike in rural areas, there is also a need for strong partnerships together with local municipalities to deal with waste issues. Furthermore, issues of shrinking spaces and escalating land prices, coupled with providing subsidies, throw up related and important challenges that need to be addressed seriously for sustainable sanitation.

Compiled by Amit Sengupta, India Communications Manager, CLTS Foundation Global

If you loved this blog, give it a shoutout by sharing it with your friends and colleagues and your wider network. If you want us to include more questions on and around Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), let us know in the comments below or write to amit@cltsfoundation.org. We would be happy to respond to those and incorporate your queries on this blog. 

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40th WEDC Conference: Local Action with International Cooperation to Improve and Sustain Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Services

Where: Loughborough University, UK

When: 24-28 July 2017

CLTS Foundation Global to participate in the 40th WEDC Conference in UK

CLTS Foundation Global will be participating in the upcoming 40th WEDC conference from July 24th -28th to be held in Louborough University, UK. We have been selected for the following two events at the conference :

1. Paper presentation: Impact of CLTS on women’s health in urban slums – A case study from Kalyani Municipality in india

Presented by: Preetha Prabhakaran – Programme Manager, CLTS Foundation Global

This paper documents the impact of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) on women’s health in urban slums of Kalyani Municipality in the state of West Bengal. Kalyani went on to become the first open defecation free (ODF) town in India. Women’s health in this study was viewed not only in terms of reduced disease burden but also improvements in their social and psychological well-being. CLTS was introduced in Kalyani slums in the year 2006 as part of the Community-led Health Initiative (CLHI) pilot programme under urban services for the poor. Kalyani achieved ODF status in 2009 through local community action that compelled the entire community to stop open defecation. This was in sharp contrast to the earlier approaches of toilet provision, which had failed to ensure ownership or usage by the community.

This qualitative study conducted in two slums of Kalyani in the year 2015, also looked at how the process had empowered women and the role of the external environment in stimulating and supporting the change process.  The study findings indicate that improved sanitation reduced the disease burden on women and their families, increased their safety and enhanced their social status. It was found that women played a lead role in initiating and driving sanitation and hygiene behaviour change in their communities, placing them in leadership roles and involving them in the decision- making process. Greater consciousness about sanitation had led to an improvement in other living conditions and other collective efforts in both the slum communities such as demanding access to electricity and water from the Municipality.

2. Half day capacity building workshop: CLTS Rapid Appraisal Protocol (CRAP) – A tool for taking CLTS to scale

Facilitators for the session: Kamal Kar, Preetha Prabhakaran, Mansoor Ali, Joydeep Dutta

The CRAP tool was jointly developed by CLTS Foundation Global and UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office. The tool is built on six building blocks for scaling up CLTS effectively within country sanitation programmes. The tool helps in taking stock of the status of CLTS programming in a country, identifies the programme’s strengths and weaknesses and helps the participants strategize a way forward. The workshop will help the participants learn about the basic tenets of the tool, its methodology, country experiences of tool application. The tool can be used by policy makers and practitioners of sanitation programmes as a M&E tool to assess the status and health of sanitation programming in respective countries. This tool contributes to demand generation for sanitation solutions to achieve universal sanitation.

Read more about CRAP:

Let’s talk CRAP 

Mozambique: CLTS Foundation Global team conducts rapid assessment of Rural Sanitation Programme using CRAP tool

Boosting sanitation progress and initiation of CLTS Rapid Appraisal Protocol (CRAP) in Eritrea

Extract from WEDC Conference Website:

The 40th WEDC Conference title reflects our vision and ambition – to learn from our shared experiences and achievements to support the sustainable delivery of WASH services through international cooperation.

The week includes three days to discuss and debate peer reviewed content, followed by two days of tailored capacity development workshops.

The programme at WEDC Conference structure incorporates a variety of innovative presentation and learning formats, which readily enable networking and facilitate collective learning. Typically attracting participants from research, practice and policy communities across more than 40 countries, this is truly a unique international event.

We are proud that more than 2,900 papers have been presented and published since the WEDC international conferences began in 1973. These provide an invaluable and unique resource for the water, sanitation and hygiene sector.

Our open access database experiences over 19,000 downloads of papers every month.

Why attend the WEDC Conference?

The WEDC Conference is a valued and respected platform which aims to support knowledge sharing, improve good practice and develop capacity for the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector. We include topics related to WASH in the broadest sense.

The week typically includes peer-reviewed paper presentations and discussion, capacity development workshops, an exhibition, side events and an exciting social programme, all designed to maximise interaction and networking opportunities.

This year we have a diverse range of interesting papers accepted and due to be presented Monday 24th to Wednesday 26th July inclusive. You can take a look at the (draft) book of abstracts of the papers here:
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/docs/conference/40/40th-WEDC-Conference-Abstracts-DRAFT.pdf
The Contents page of the PDF is interactive so you can jump straight to the abstract you are interested in!

The capacity development workshops will take place on Thursday 27th and Friday 28th July. The timetable is now available here:
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/conference/40/workshops.html
Workshops can be booked either through the online registration and booking system or during the conference itself.

And finally, a reminder that the programme of side events is available here:
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/conference/40/side_events.html

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Photo credit: Lefaso.Net

Burkina Faso has made the least progress in sanitation during the MDG period in spite of the fact that most of its neighbouring countries made remarkable progress during the later part of MDG. In Burkina Faso, 75% of the rural population still defecate in the open. The incidence of diarrhoea and child mortality rate of Burkina Faso is alarming. However, Burkina Faso still remains the only country in the Western and Central Africa region that has been providing household sanitation subsidy and also has not institutionalized CLTS in its national sanitation policy.

Almost 24 countries of Western and Central Africa, have institutionalized CLTS with no hardware household toilet subsidy as a non-negotiable principle into their national sanitation policy. The achievements in terms of sanitation outcome have been remarkable in these countries.

Photo credit: Lefaso.Net

Realizing the lack of an enabling environment in scaling up of CLTS in Burkina, major actors of sanitation including UNICEF in Burkina have been trying to influence the government policy to move beyond the subsidy approach and to adopt community empowerment approach of CLTS.

However, Burkina Faso is one of the last countries in the region to adopt the no subsidy strategy in the government policy and to become open defecation free (ODF). Recently, CLTS Foundation Global was invited by the Government of Burkina Faso and UNICEF Burkina to organize and facilitate a two days institutional triggering workshop on CLTS with the senior ministers, policy and decision makers and heads of national and international organizations in Ouagadougou. Dr. Kamal Kar led the triggering workshop with colleagues from CLTS Foundation Global, UNICEF WCARO, and Burkina Faso.

Photo credit: Lefaso.Net

Recently, Dr. Kamal Kar visited Beniou village on the invitation of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in the province of Sissili. On Saturday, February 4, 2017, he facilitated and witnessed the triggering session for ending open defecation in Burkina Faso. During the triggering session, Dr. Kamal Kar has mentioned that the communities should no longer wait for years for state subsidy by continuing to eat their poo. He is absolutely assured and convinced that the people of Burkina Faso can take control of the alarming situation and stop open defecation.

The CLTS triggering session got featured in an esteem news portal of Burkina Faso, lefaso.net. Though it is in French but is indeed a good and informative read.

The article was originally published here in French: http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article75656

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The CLTS Foundation Global team in partnership with UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office ( ESARO) has been invited by the Government of Eritrea to conduct a refresher training, ODF protocol development and also to implement a diagnostic tool called CLTS Rapid Appraisal Protocol (CRAP) from 13 Feb to 17 Feb 2017 in Eritrea to review the status and quality of CLTS.

CRAP will provide a quick assessment of the health of the CLTS programme delivered at large scale in the country. The quality of implementation of CLTS on the ground varies immensely from country to country in the region. CRAP involves a series of participatory exercises involving stakeholders at the national, regional and district levels to analyze and reflect on their country’s sanitation program. The tool is designed to identify the strengths and gaps existing in the current implementation process and made the necessary rectifications to improve the programme.

Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) was adopted by the Government of Eritrea in its national policy in late 2007. Prior to the introduction of the community led approach, the focus of sanitation interventions carried out in the country focused on producing “high end” toilets with a subsidy that included five bags of cement, iron bars for reinforcement, vent pipes and re-useable moulds for the floor slab. As funds were limited and families were waiting for subsidies, very few toilets were built and the usage of the constructed latrines was very less.

The adoption of the CLTS approach created a shift in hygiene and sanitation promotion. Consequently, a considerable amount of capacity building through training was done for all stakeholders at various levels. Regional advocacy workshops on CLTS were carried out in six regions between July 2008 and February 2009. These were attended by more than 400 participants (including regional governors, sub-regional administrators, higher government officials, religious leaders, regional assembly members and implementers of sanitation programmes). In early 2009, the Ministry of Health, through their Environmental Health Unit, was ready to scale up CLTS and launched a nationwide sanitation programme with the assistance of UNICEF in 46 villages.

Kamal Kar, the Chairman of CLTS Foundation Global visited Eritrea in June 2009 during which he carried out a review of the programme as well as advocacy to strengthen CLTS in the country. During his mission, a week-long national “hands-on” CLTS ToT training for 46 participants (Public Health Technicians, Sanitarians, community Integrated Management of Child Illnesses (IMCI) focal persons and nurses) from all over the country was conducted. As of May 2014, 869 villages out of 2,644 have been triggered in the six regions of the country with 489 villages (18 % of the rural villages) already declared Open Defecation Free. Since 2007 when the CLTS approach was introduced in Eritrea, 146,700 households (or an estimated 733,000 people, 31 % of the rural population) have stopped open defecation in all the six regions of the country. The National Rural Sanitation Policy and Strategy Direction was launched in October 2009 and this policy fully supports the CLTS approach.

It is hoped that the refresher training, ODF Protocol and the administration of the CRAP tool by the sanitation teams in Eritrea will pave the way forward to enhance implementation and scale up the programme towards national ODF status.

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Haryana: Paving the Pathway towards an Open Defecation Free State through CLTS 

1st intervention by World Bank and CLTS Foundation Global kicks-off in state

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This ToT workshop is organised under the aegis of the World Bank’s intervention on Swachh Bharat Mission in India. This was the first such high level institutional workshop in the state of Haryana in association with CLTS Foundation Global and Government of Haryana. The training participants consisted of block coordinators, village motivators, social work professors, students and other stakeholders. Participants came from nine districts of Haryana namely Karnal, Hisar, Sonipat, Gharunda, Rohtak, Jind, Ambala, Bhiwani.

The 5-day institutional triggering intervention in Karnal district of Haryana was conducted with the following objectives:

1. Gain clear understanding and knowledge on the principles, rationale, methodology, applicability and limitations of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in order to achieve Open Defecation Free (ODF) environments with special reference to respective districts and Haryana context.
2. Understand the importance of all four stages of the CLTS process:pre-triggering, triggering, post triggering follow up and post ODF activities.
3. Understand the importance of triggering usage of toilets through collective behaviour change and achieving ODF instead of focusing on mere latrine construction with no tangible outcomes.
4. Understand the importance of engaging diverse set of stakeholders in the CLTS scaling up process.
5. Discussion and presenting an action plan for expediting CLTS implementation and scaling up process across respective districts in Haryana with a clear emphasis on engaging with Natural Leaders (NL) and a focus on community empowerment.

Participants in the workshop

The initial two days of the training covered the theoretical aspects and preparation for the field work for implementation of the learning in the field. It was observed that many of the participants have been attending numerous trainings before and one of the main challenges during the training was unlearning what they had learnt to focus on the main idea of CLTS approach. Emphasis was given on the quality rather than quantity of ODF.

Many of the participants also shared the failures or challenges of many of the sanitation schemes and the subsidy approach.

Those learnings have been noted down to be presented on the last day of the training when some of the senior Govt. officials of the state are expected to be present and discuss the action plan for carrying out the in their respective districts.

The participants showed ample enthusiasm and dedication during the first two days of the workshop. The participants will be visiting 12 villages of nearby districts on the 17^th and19^th Nov and carry out triggering exercise. These villages are untouched by CLTS approach and we are expecting some of these to be Open Defecation Free (ODF) in coming days.

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